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The Polícia de Segurança Pública (''Public Security Police''), abbreviated as ''PSP'', is the national Portuguese police force. Part of the Portuguese security forces, the mission of the PSP is to defend Republican democracy, safeguarding internal security and the rights of its citizens. Despite many other functions, the force is generally known for policing urban areas by uniformed police officers, while rural areas are normally reserved for the National Republican Guard (GNR), a gendarmerie force. Due to their high visibility, the PSP is recognized by the public as the "police" in Portugal. ==History== Much like most of Europe, until the Middle Ages the defense of public order was the responsible of local communities, under the authority of feudal lords and courts. In Portugal, there are few references to the administration of justice until the second half of the 15th century. With the reign of King Afonso V (under the regency of Infante Pedro), the first ordinances and penal codes, known as the ''Ordenações Afonsinas''.〔 These ordinances were reissued during the reign of King John I in 1514, after various changes under Manuel I. Some of the early judicial measures came from the early nobles. Afonso Henriques ordered the incarceration of women who lived with elements of the clergy, while in the era of Afonso II, under the influence of Visigothic codes and Roman law, resulted in the appearance of the first general laws.〔 Similarly, Afonso III punished anyone who assaulted and robed the home of another.〔 King Pedro I, the ''Just'', decreed that anyone who falsified coins, gold or silver objects would have their hands and feet amputated. But, yet, criminals were provided shelters to flee justice: the churches, monasteries and "privileged" lands.〔 These "privileged" lands, therefore, becoming lands of thieves and criminals, resulting in King John extinguishing these areas. This was also something that King Fernando did with barrios, and only churches and convents became sanctuaries.〔 The first corp of police agents were created by Fernando I, on 12 September 1383; consisting of 20 elements (the ''Quadrilheiros''), who were recruited by force from the strongest physical men, to serve Lisbon.〔 These men were subject to the town council for three years, and required to swear fealty and carry weapons (a staff), which they would display at their homes, representing a symbol of their authority to arrest and direct criminals to the ''Corregedores'' (''magistrates'').〔 Yet, since these men never received payment for their services, and since these activities were dangerous, most chose to escape the responsibility. For most, these services were intolerable, with little presitge, at various times resulting in bruises and wounds in the execution of their tasks.〔 Owing to this By 1418, these constables were not required to circle the town. Later, Afonso V provided the ''Quadrilheiros'', on 10 June 1460, with several social and economic privileges. Yet, these would disappear over time.〔 But, even as Afonso V put into action other laws, regulations, advisories and ordinances, many were ineffective. King Sebastian promulgated laws on 31 January 1559, 17 January 1570, 12 July and 13 August 1571, to reinforce the laws of Fernando I, Edward and Afonso V.〔 In order to compensate the dimishing benefits of their service, the ''Quadrilheiros'' were exempt from paying taxes or military service.〔 Sebastian also ordered that Lisbon should be divided into barrios, and that each should be administered by an official of justice, with discretionary powers.〔 On 12 March 1603, King Philip II ordered new regulations for the ''Quadrilheiros'' in order to reinforce their authority. The Lisbon council, 30 January 1617, determined that ''Quadrilheiro'' should have a label over their doors to identify them, and that the King should confer on them special privileges, such as sitting at the council table. King John IV of Portugal provided a new charter, and a decree on 29 November 1644, forced them (under terrible sanctions) to serve the public, working in the day and evenings.〔 By the first half of the 18th century, little improved.〔 There continued to be a lack of policing, resulting in leis in 1701, 1702 and 1714. As new circuits were created to blanket the city, many of the criminals were aware that the laws transformed the situation into forgettable enclaves.〔 The ''Quadrilheiros'' continued to be a poor class, due to their limitations, resulting in poor public order. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake new laws and resolutions were established to maintain public order and reduce anarchy.〔 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquess of Pombal, found it necessary to create an organism to centralize all laws.〔 By law, on 25 June 1760, he created the ''Intendência da Polícia da Corte e do Reino'' (''Police Quartermaster of the Court and the Kingdom''), the position of ''Intendente-Geral da Polícia da Corte e do Reino'' (''Quartermaster-General''), with unlimited jurisdiction. The first Quartermaster-General was Inácio Ferreira Souto, at the same time that the term ''polícia'' (''police'') was commonly used, and the ''Quadrilheiros'' were relegated to the evening. But, this foundation did little resolve criminal issues, and locks on doors, grades on windows and blunderbusses beside the bed, continued to be important.〔 The ''Intendente-Geral'' was preoccupied with pursuing those who talk badly of the King, Government or Pombal, himself.〔 Between 1760 and 1780, chaos persisted. By decree, on 18 January 1780, Queen Maria I of Portugal named the old Criminal Judge for the ''Bairro do Castelo de S. Jorge'', Diogo Inácio de Pina Manique, Intendente-Geral.〔 Instructed in laws at the University of Coimbra, he became a powerful chief: he began by expunging the police services of criminal elements, and took advantage of all laws to arrest all criminals or suspects in the Alfama, Mouraria, Bairro Alto and Madragoa, reorganizing the services and bring a level of respectability to the department.〔 Around the same time, the ''Guarda Real de Polcia'' (''Police Royal Guard'') was founded on 25 December 1801, a militarized corp of cavalry.〔 While correctional "houses" were established, the ''Polícia Sanitária'' (''Sanitary Police'') was established to curb prostitution. Also, the ''Casa Pia de Lisboa'', was founded to collect abandoned children.〔 As the Police Royal Guard was overwhelmed with customs supervision, the ''Guarda das Barreiras'' was created, later to be replaced by the ''Guarda das Alfândegas'' (''Customs Guard''). In 1808 the General Loison, at the behest of the Quartermaster-General of the Royal Guard Police, establish a ''Polícia Secreta'' (''Secret Police'').〔 In 1823, the Liberal government established the ''Guarda Nacional'' (''National Guard'') and on 23 June 1824, a new secret police was reestablished, the ''Polícia Preventiva'' (''Preventative Police'' force).〔 On 21 August 1826 the ''Guarda Real de Polícia'' was discontinued.〔 On 8 November 1833, the position of ''Intendente-Geral'' was discontinued with José António Maria de Sousa e Azevedo. All the services of the police, from this period, were transferred to the Prefects (later Civil Governors), of which the Prefect of the Province of Estremadura, Bento Pereira do Carmo, stands out.〔 The police prerogatives of this position remained temporary and territorial, influenced by prefects, general administrators and later civil governors.〔 On 18 April 1835, the Kingdom was divided into 17 administrative districts, with a Civil Governor for each district, and divided into municipalities, civil parishes and ecclesiastical parishes. But, the Civil Governors were responsible for public security.〔 During a period of political confusion, caused by the Liberal Wars, the ''Guarda Real de Polícia'' is substituted by the ''Guarda Municipal'' (''Municipal Guard''), actually represented by the GNR, then created by Pereira do Carmo.〔 In this entanglement of police institutions, many times contradictory, the ''Guarda Nacional'' was dissolved in 1846.〔 Yet, the inconsistency of public security resulted in the 22 February 1838 law, that created a corp to maintain public security in each of the administrative districts of the country. Until this period, the laws, decrees and dispatches that were published provided better results in thefts and murders. The guards and judges, though, felt they were betrayed by threats and reprisals, that resulted in a demoralization of the profession.〔 In order to remedy this situation, King Luis ordered the publication of a law that founded a corp of civil police (2 July 1867). With the formation of the ''Corpo de Polícia Civil'', the foundations were laid for creation of the ''Public Security Police''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polícia de Segurança Pública」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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